[24] There is also evidence of military actions against Canaan. Most of the grave goods that must have been deposited there are long gone as a result of the tomb plundering. [24] Merikare, the ruler of Lower-Egypt at the time may have died during the conflict, which further weakened his kingdom and gave Mentuhotep the opportunity to reunite Egypt. The courtyard was adorned by a long rectangular flower bed, with fifty-five sycamore trees planted in small pits and six tamarisk plus two sycamore trees planted in deep pits filled with soil. In Deir el-Bahari ließ sich Mentuhotep II. [33] Consequently, and until the construction of the Djeser-Djeseru some five centuries later, Mentuhotep II's temple was the final destination of the barque of Amun during the festival[37][38], In the early 19th century, the ruins of the temple of Mentuhotep II were completely covered with debris. These places include Denderah, Abydos, Armant and Gebelein. The Mortuary Temple of Mentuhotep II on the West Bank at Luxor by Jimmy Dunn writing as Mark Andrews. In particular, Mentuhotep posted a garrison on the island fortress of Elephantine so troops could rapidly be deployed southwards. However, he did have a long reign, perhaps as long as 50 years, and peace did finally return to Egypt proper, along with prosperity. Mentuhotep II's first fourteen years of reign seem to have been peaceful in the Theban region as there are no surviving traces of conflict firmly datable to that period. As for Iah, she bore the title of mwt-nswt, "King's mother". Behind the core edifice was the center of the cult for the deified king. Mentuhotep II, also known under his prenomen Nephepetre, was an Ancient Egyptian pharaoh circa 2061–2010 BCE, the sixth ruler of the Eleventh Dynasty. and is considered to be the founder of the Middle Kingdom (circa 1980-1630 b.c.e.). The Temple of Mentuhotep II The Hieroglyphs. The front part of the temple is dedicated to Monthu-Ra, a merger of the sun god Ra with the Theban god of war Monthu, particularly worshipped during the 11th Dynasty. Archaeological finds in this part of the temple include a limestone altar, a granite stele and six granite statues of Senusret III. He reigned for 51 years, according to the Turin King List. Cylinder seals of Mentuhotep II, Musée du Louvre. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Mentuhotep II, the sixth ruler of the Eleventh Dynasty. Maria Nilsson and John Ward return to Shatt el-Rigal, located to the north of Gebel el-Silsila, for a close-up of the famous colossal scene of Mentuhotep II, but with special focus on its extraordinary rock art context that has never before been published in its entirety. Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II reunited Egypt after the First Intermediate Period (circa 2130-1980 b.c.e.) Thanks to its good political and excellent military skills could again reunified Egypt after serious disturbances which crept from the first intermediate period. His immortality is no longer innate; it has to be bestowed on him by the gods..[59], As mentioned above, the open courtyard of the rear part of the temple presents a dromos in its center. Clearing the immense mass of debris, they soon discovered the plundered grave of Queen Tem, one of Mentuhotep's wives. [11] The parentage of Mentuhotep II is also indirectly confirmed by a relief at Shatt er-Rigal. The rear part of the temple was cut directly into the cliff and consisted of an open courtyard, a pillared hall with 82 octagonal columns and a chapel for a statue of the king. [5] Indeed, evidence shows that the process took time, maybe due to the general insecurity of the country at the time: commoners were buried with weapons, the funerary stelae of officials show them holding weapons instead of the usual regalia[24] and when Mentuhotep II's successor sent an expedition to Punt some 20 years after the reunification, they still had to clear the Wadi Hammamat of rebels. Mentuhotep II was the son of Intef III and Intef III's wife Iah who may also have been his sister. Finally, in later king lists, Mentuhotep was referred to with a variant of his third titulary, Mentuhotep II commanded the construction of many temples though few survive to this day. Mentuhotep II’s temple featured a large stone ramp leading up from an initial courtyard to its second level. This is the first attested appearance of the term Kush for Nubia in Egyptian records. The ramp that is visible today was constructed in 1905 by Édouard Naville over the remains of the original ramp, which only is visible in two places as the lowest two layers of the lateral limestone cladding. The Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, also known as the Djeser-Djeseru (“Holy of Holies”), is an ancient funerary shrine in Upper Egypt. Mentuhotep III succeeded his father Mentuhotep II to the throne. The second, the terraced temple of Queen Hatshepsut (built c. 1470 bce), was uncovered (1894–96) beneath the monastery ruins and subsequently underwent partial restoration. The ambulatory, separated from the upper hall by a 5-cubit-thick wall, comprised a total of 140 octagonal columns disposed in three rows. It passed through manicured verdant gardens and a lavishly decorated entrance pylon flanked by soaring obelisks. In particular, the statue of Amun was brought annually to Deir el-Bahri during the Beautiful Festival of the Valley, something which the king may have perceived as beneficial to this funerary cult. Egyptians remembered him with Menes, founder of Dynasty 1 (circa 3000-2800 b.c.e. At Thebes he built a magnificent temple and tomb complex. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Corrections? This relief is a manifestation of the profound religious changes in the ideology of kingship since the Old Kingdom: In the Old Kingdom, the king had been the lord of the pyramid complex, [...] now he is reduced to a human ruler dependent on the gods' goodwill. Well preserved is a funerary chapel found in 2014 at Abydos. [4] Mentuhotep II succeeded his father Intef III on the throne and was in turn succeeded by his son Mentuhotep III. Mentuhotep II's cartouche on the Abydos king list. These were probably added to the temple for the celebration of Mentuhotep II's Sed festival during his 39th year on the throne. Instead, he proposed that the edifice was flat-roofed.[53]. Their office had become hereditary during the 6th Dynasty and the collapse of central power assured them complete freedom over their lands. Model of granary from Mentuhotep II's tomb, Media related to Mentuhotep II at Wikimedia Commons, Mentuhotep II on a relief from his mortuary temple in. As such, Mentuhotep II's temple was certainly a major source of inspiration for the nearby, but 550-year later temples of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III. Hatshepsut’s second level was accessed via a significantly extended and even more elaborate ramp. King Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II was revered by the Egyptians as the ruler who reunited Egypt after the era of disunity (the First Intermediate Period) that followed the end of the Old Kingdom. Mentuhotep II's most ambitious and innovative building project remains his large mortuary temple. [58] The gods present the king with bundles of palm branches, the symbol of Millions of Years. The parentage of Mentuhotep II is also indirectly confirmed by a relief at Shatt er-Rigal.Mentuhotep II had many wi… Mentuhotep II (Ancient Egyptian: Mn-ṯw-ḥtp, meaning "Mentu is satisfied"), also known under his prenomen Nephepetre (Ancient Egyptian: Nb-ḥpt-Rˁ, meaning "The Lord of the rudder is Ra"), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh circa 2061–2010 BCE, the sixth ruler of the Eleventh Dynasty. The exact date when reunification was achieved is not known, but it is assumed to have happened shortly before year 39 of his reign. The 14th year of Mentuhotep's reign is indeed named Year of the crime of Thinis. Updates? There are a group of figures surrounding an image of Mentuhotep II, who died in 2010 BC and was the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom. [8], Mentuhotep II was buried at the Theban necropolis of Deir el-Bahri. Read this exciting story from Ancient Egypt July / August 2020. This reconstruction, supported by H. E. Winlock, was contested by D. Arnold, who argued that, for structural reasons, the temple could not have supported the weight of a small pyramid. [4] Many Egyptologists have long considered two rock reliefs, showing Mentuhotep II towering over smaller figures labeled king "Intef", to be conclusive evidence that his predecessor Intef III was his own father; this is, however, not entirely certain, as these reliefs may have had other propagandistic purposes, and there are other difficulties surrounding Mentuhotep's true origin, his three name-changes, and his frequent attempts to claim descent from various gods.[23]. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mentuhotep-II, Ancient Egypt Online - Montuhotep Nebhepetre, Yehudi Menuhin - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Another was discovered in 1921 during Herbert Winlock's excavations and is now on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The larger building in the background is Hatshepsut's temple, the design of which was largely based on Mentuhotep's. je bil sin faraona Intefa III. Continuing his father Intef III’s conquests, Mentuhotep succeeded in unifying his country, probably shortly before his 39th year on the throne. A ramp aligned with the central axis of the temple led to the upper terrace. He was the first to undertake a systematic exploration of the temple. As for Iah, she bore the title of mwt-nswt, "King's mother". It is believed that, following his father's long 51 years of reign, Mentuhotep III was relatively old when he acceded to the throne and reigned for 12 years. Mentuhotep II succeeded his father Intef […] Died: 1998 BC: Reign. The second time on or shortly before his 39th year of reign, marking the final success of that campaign, and his reunification of all of Egypt. At his accession, Mentuhotep controlled Upper Egypt from Aswān to This, an ancient city about 90 miles (145 km) north of Thebes, his capital. In the meantime, Mentuhotep II started an extensive program of self-deification emphasizing the divine nature of the ruler.[28]. This is evidenced by the dominant artistic style of the temple which represents people with large lips and eyes and thin bodies. It also meant that Mentuhotep II was relatively elderly when he came to power in 2010 BC, and indeed he was only to rule for 12 years. The causeway led to a large courtyard in front of the Deir el-Bahri temple. Robichon-Varille quote after Dieter Arnold. The sanctuary itself housed a statue of Amun-Re and was surrounded on three sides by walls and on one side by the cliff. Njihove sorodstvene vezi so dokazane na Henenujevi steli "Kairo 36346". Posredno so dokazane tudi na reliefu v Šatt er-Rigalu. This phenomenon of fragmentation of the artistic styles is observed throughout the First Intermediate Period and is a direct consequence of the political fragmentation of the country. This lineage is demonstrated by the stele of Henenu (Cairo 36346), an official who served under Intef II, Intef III and his son, which the stele identifies as Horus s-ankh-[ib-t3wy],[9][10] Mentuhotep II's first Horus name. Second, the temple identifies the king with Osiris. [50], On the temple terrace, a 60-metre-wide, 43-metre-deep and 5-metre-high podium supports the upper hall surrounding an ambulatory and the core building. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. His general was Intef. Head statue of Mentuhotep II originally in Thebes, now on display in the Museo Gregoriano Egiziano, Vatican. Following the reunification, Mentuhotep II was considered by his subjects to be divine, or half divine. To reverse the decentralization of power, which contributed to the collapse of the Old Kingdom and marked the First Intermediate Period, he centralized the state in Thebes to strip nomarchs of some of their power over the regions. Another proof that Mentuhotep II paid great attention to the traditions of the Old Kingdom is his second Nomen, sometimes found as, "The son of Hathor, the lady of Dendera, Mentuhotep", This reference to Hathor rather than Re is similar to the titulary of Pepi I. [46] The maintenance of such a garden more than 1 km from the Nile into the arid desert must have required the constant work of many gardeners and an elaborate irrigation system. Aerial view of Mentuhotep II's mortuary temple at Deir el Bahri . This edifice, located at the center of the temple complex, was excavated in 1904 and 1905 by Edouard Naville. Amenhotep I-Wikipedia. [41] je imel veliko žena, ki so bile pokopane skupaj z njim ali v neposredni bližini njegovega pogrebnega templja. Mentuhotep II. Flourished Circa 2008-1957 b.c.e. [60] He is credited with reuniting Egypt, thus ending the turbulent First Intermediate Period and becoming the first pharaoh of … [8], Mentuhotep II was the son of Intef III and Intef III's wife Iah who may also have been his sister. After the Herakleopoitan kings desecrated the sacred ancient royal necropolis of Abydos in Upper Egypt in the fourteenth year of Mentuhotep’s reign, the pharaoh dispatched his armies north to conquer Lower Egypt. Built for the Eighteenth dynasty Pharaoh Hatshepsut, it is located beneath the cliffs at Deir el Bahari, on the west bank of the Nile near the Valley of the Kings. Finally, from 1967 to 1971, Dieter Arnold conducted research on the site on behalf of the German Archaeological Institute. He inherited a realm that had already spent some 60 years in intermittent warfare with the Heracleopolitan kingdom, which ruled Middle and Lower Egypt, as each state sought to control the whole country. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 19, 16-52. [33] After the unification of Egypt however, Mentuhotep II initiated a strong policy of centralization, reinforcing his royal authority by creating the posts of Governor of Upper Egypt and Governor of Lower Egypt who had power over the local nomarchs. For nearly a thousand years after his death he was praised. The valley temple was linked to the high temple by a 1.2 km long and 46 m wide uncovered causeway. On the west end of the hypostyle hall lies the holiest place of the temple, a sanctuary dedicated to Mentuhotep and Amun-Ra leading to a small speos which housed a larger-than-life statue of the king. Mentuhotep II changed his titulary twice during his reign:[7] the first time in his 14th regnal year, marking the initial successes of his campaign against Herakleopolis Magna to the north. There are two main opinions among scholars as to who the Pharaoh was during the time of the Exodus in Egypt by the Hebrews. However, Peter Janosi showed that Mentuhotep IV is not mentioned on the bowl, the titulary preserved there fits better to Mentuhotep II. When he ascended the Theban throne, Mentuhotep II inherited the vast land conquered by his predecessors from the first cataract in the south to Abydos and Tjebu in the north. The famous tomb of the warriors at Deir el-Bahari discovered in the 1920s, contained the linen-wrapped, unmummified bodies of 60 soldiers all killed in battle, their shroud bearing Mentuhotep II's cartouche. [40], The next important excavation works took place from 1903 to 1907 under the direction of Henri Édouard Naville, who worked there on behalf of the Egypt Exploration Fund. Although the administrative system of the Old Kingdom became weak and corrupt, it was incredibly strong and efficient for hundreds of years. In particular he adopted the complete five-fold titulary after his reunification of Egypt, seemingly for the first time since the 6th Dynasty, though known records are sparse for much of the First Intermediate Period that preceded him. Due to its proximity to the Theban royal tombs, the tomb of the warriors is believed to be that of heroes who died during the conflict between Mentuhotep II and his foes to the north. Finally, in 1898, Howard Carter discovered the Bab el-Hosan [39] cache in the front court, where he uncovered the famous black seated statue of the king. For example, it included terraces and covered walkways around the central structure, and it was the first mortuary temple that identified the pharaoh with the god Osiris. It seems strange there were no major monuments being built after Pepi II died until Mentuhotep II came to power. [36] At the opposite, the refined chapels of Mentuhotep II's wives are certainly due to Memphite craftsmen who were heavily influenced by the standards and conventions of the Old Kingdom. King Nebhepetre Menthuhotp: his monuments, place in history, deification and unusual representation in the form of gods. This was still the case during the late 12th Dynasty some 200 years later: Senusret III and Amenemhat III erected stelae commemorating opening of the mouth ceremonies practiced on Mentuhotep II's statues. More precisely, this second change may have taken place on the occasion of the sed festival celebrated during his 39th year on the throne. Mentuhotep II. Mentuhotep II receives offering, Musée du Louvre. Omissions? Other important officials were the treasurer Meketre and the overseer of sealers Meru. The hills around the monument were honeycombed with the tombs of his officials. Middle Kingdom Egypt is the period in history directly following the First Intermediate Period, a period largely characterized by political disunity. Mentuhotep II initiated a number of building projects, including in the areas of el-Kab, Gebelein, Tod, Deir el-Ballas, Dendera, Karnak, Abydos, Aswan and … As for Iah, she bore the title of mwt-nswt, "King's mother". About ten years later, between 1920 and 1931, Herbert E. Winlock further excavated the temple for the Metropolitan Museum of Art. This chamber is entirely lined with red granite and has a pointed roof. This painted limestone relief from the tomb of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II dates to about 2000 BC. The parentage of Mentuhotep II is also indirectly confirmed by a relief at Shatt er-Rigal.Mentuhotep II had many wi… In the 14th year of his reign, an uprising occurred in the north. [52], The courtyard of the ambulatory was completely filled by the core building, a massive 22 m large and 11 m high construction. Shade-bearer of Neferu, Mentuhotep II's royal wife, in the typical regional artistic style of the 11th Dynasty. During Mentuhotep II's reign, he built an innovative mortuary that included a terraced temple having porticoes that were set against the desert cliffs at Western Thebes. As for Iah, she bore the title of mwt-nswt, "King's mother". The Man from Elephantine . Many of the reforms that Mentuhotep II did at the beginning of the Middle Kingdom were not very revolutionary, but were based on what worked during the Old Kingdom. It contained a wooden coffin and ointment vessels which left traces in the ground. Aerial view of Mentuhotep II's mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahari. A view on the remains of Mentuhotep's funerary temple (foreground). Other articles where Temple of Mentuhotep II is discussed: Dayr al-Baḥrī: …the funerary temple of King Mentuhotep II (built c. 1970 bce), has lost much of its superstructure. It contained an alabaster chapel in the form of an Upper-Egyptian Per-wer sanctuary. The sheets were marked in red ink at the corner, seven with the name of Mentuhotep II and three with that of Intef II.[44]. Mentuhotep II built extensively throughout Upper Egypt, at Elephantine, El Kab, Gebelein, Tod, Abydos and Denderah, but his most impressive monument was his unique burial complex at Deir el Bahri, which was later overshadowed by Queen *Hatshepsut's own funerary temple. 1 It was discovered in 1907 by Herbert Winlock during one of his early expeditions sponsored by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where it is now on display.. Mentuhotep II, an 11th dynasty ruler, built an unusual terraced mortuary … [30] In doing so, Mentuhotep followed a tradition started by his grandfather Intef II: royal building activities in the provincial temples of Upper Egypt began under Intef II and lasted throughout the Middle Kingdom.[31]. Nothing is known of the course of the war, but the Thebans were aided by a change of rulers in the enemy capital, and, by 1968 at the latest, Mentuhotep had captured Heracleopolis and reunited Egypt. Mentuhotep II, also called Nebhapetre, king (ruled 2008–1957 bce) of ancient Egypt’s 11th dynasty (2081–1938 bce) who, starting as the ruler of southernmost Egypt in about 2008 bce, reunified the country by defeating his rivals and ushered in the period known as the Middle Kingdom (1938–c. Due to its proximity to the Theban royal tombs, the tomb of the warriors is believed to be that of heroes who died during the conflict between the Pharaoh and his foes to the north. End of reign. [5][6] Following and in recognition of the unification, in regnal year 39, he changed his titulary to Shematawy (Ancient Egyptian: Šmˁ-tȝ.w(j), meaning "He who unifies the two lands"). History. Northern Nubia was annexed later in the reign. Amenhotep II (1427-1392 B.C. 1630 bce). He is credited with reuniting Egypt, thus ending the turbulent First Intermediate Period and becoming the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom. In subsequent years, fighting continued in the north and against the Bedouin, who habitually raided the delta. Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II. Mentuhotep built temples at numerous Upper Egyptian sites, but little survives of them. Tradition accorded Mentuhotep II an honoured place with Egypt’s other unifiers, the founders of the 1st (c. 2925–c. Thus it was only in 1859, that Lord Dufferin and his assistants, Dr. Lorange and Cyril C. Graham, started to excavate the southwest corner of the hypostyle hall of Mentuhotep's temple. The Turin Canon credits him with a reign of 51 years. King, dynasty 11. The many architectural innovations of the temple mark a break with the Old Kingdom tradition of pyramid complexes and foreshadow the Temples of Millions of Years of the New Kingdom. [27], Mentuhotep also relied on a mobile force of royal court officials who further controlled the deeds of the nomarchs. Mentuhotep II was the son of Intef III and Intef III's wife Iah who may also have been his sister. Left and right of the processional walkway were at least 22 seated statues of Mentuhotep II wearing, on the south side, the White Crown of Upper Egypt and on the north side the Red Crown of Lower Egypt. This dromos, a 150 m long straight corridor, leads down to a large underground chamber 45 m below the court which is undoubtedly the tomb of the king. Furthermore, Mentuhotep may have chosen Deir el-Bahri because it is aligned with the temple of Karnak, on the other side of Nile. Most of the other temple remains are also located in Upper Egypt, more precisely in Abydos, Aswan, Tod, Armant, Gebelein, Elkab, Karnak and Denderah. 2775 bce) and 18th dynasties. The open courtyard is flanked on the north and south sides by a row of five columns and on the east side by a double row totalling sixteen columns. AS an ancient Egyptian pharaoh circa 2061–2010 BCE, He is known for uniting Egypt and ending the troubled First Intermediate Period and becoming the Middle Kingdom’s first pharaoh. Mentuhotep II was the son of Intef III and Intef III's wife Iah who may also have been his sister. This lineage is demonstrated by the stele of Henenu (Cairo 36346), an official who served under Intef II, Intef III and his son, which the stele identifies as Horus s-ankh-[ib-t3wy], Mentuhotep II's first Horus name. Throughout the First Intermediate Period and until Mentuhotep II's reign, the nomarchs held important powers over Egypt. The few remaining items were a scepter, several arrows, and a collection of models including ships, granaries and bakeries.[61]. And how did he die? At Gabal El Uweinat close to the borders of modern Libya, Sudan and Tschad was found an inscription naming the king and attesting at least trade contacts to this region.[26]. His mortuary temple was one of Mentuhotep II’s most ambitious building projects, and included several architectural and religious innovations. This lineage is demonstrated by the stele of Henenu (Cairo 36346), an official who served under Intef II, Intef III and his son, which the stele identifies as Horus s-ankh-[ib-t3wy], Mentuhotep II's first Horus name. The eastern front part of the temple, on both sides of the rising ramp, consists of two porticos with a double row of rectangular pillars, which make the temple look like a saff tomb, the traditional burial of Mentuhotep II's 11th-Dynasty predecessors. This lineage is demonstrated by the stele of Henenu (Cairo 36346), an official who served under Intef II, Intef III and his son, which the stele identifies as Horuss-ankh-[ib-t3wy], Mentuhotep II's first Horus name. Biography of King of Egipto Mentuhotep II o Montuhotep II (2066-2014 a.C.) (Mntjw-htpw) Fifth King of the 11th Egyptian dynasty and the most important ruler of the same. 11 th dynasty Relief of Mentuhotep II and Hathor, 2010-00 BC, via The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. The inner and outer faces of these walls were all decorated with painted inscriptions and representations of the kings and gods in high relief. Habachi, Labib 1963. Was Manetho hiding an Egyptian civil war occuring right after Pepi II died and then Mentuhotep II of Thebes would win victory against Memphis rising to power? [25], Mentuhotep II launched military campaigns under the command of his vizier Khety south into Nubia, which had gained its independence during the First Intermediate Period, in his 29th and 31st years of reign. Thebes became the national capital, and Mentuhotep’s loyal supporters received the key government posts; he also accepted partisans of the defeated Heracleopolitans who demonstrated loyalty to the new order.

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